Quick Cash Payday Loans

"I'm not dumb, but I did a dumb thing, " Raymond Chaney says of getting involved in high-interest loans that eventually got him kicked out of his apartment. Chaney rides the bus to whittle away the time - sometimes for hours at a time. Glenn Oakley / for NBC News

For Raymond Chaney, taking out a payday loan was like hiring a taxi to drive across the country. He ended up broke — and stranded.

The 66-year-old veteran from Boise lives off of Social Security benefits, but borrowed from an Internet payday lender last November after his car broke down and didn’t have the $400 for repairs. When the 14-dayloan came due, he couldn’t pay, so he renewed it several times.

Within months, the cash flow nightmare spun out of control. Chaney ended up taking out multiple loans from multiple sites, trying to to stave off bank overdraft fees and pay his rent. By February, payday lenders — who had direct access to his checking account as part of the loan terms — took every cent of his Social Security payment, and he was kicked out of his apartment. He had borrowed nearly $3, 000 and owed $12, 000.

“I’m not dumb, but I did a dumb thing, ” said Chaney, who is now homeless, living in a rescue mission in Boise.

Twelve million Americans take these types of high-interest, short-term loans annually. Most don’t have the cash to cover regular expenses and can’t turn to credit cards to cover a shortfall. Instead, they turn to what the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) calls "Alternative Financial Services" — services outside typical banking systems that low-income consumers depend on, such as storefronts that offer check-cashing for people without bank accounts and high-interest payday loans.

Payday loans often work like a two-week advance on a paycheck - as a quick fix, that's fine, but like that cross-country taxi, they turn absurdly expensive for the long haul. Some states ban the loans, while others have placed hard caps on interest rates lenders can charge consumers. However, anyone with an Internet connection can find online avenues to access quick cash.

The consequences can be dire.

Chaney’s story of getting trapped in a payday loan cycle is all too typical, consumer agencies say. Only 13 percent of payday borrowers take out one or two loans per year. More than one-thirdof borrowers do what Chaney did, and take out between 11 and 19 loans, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) says — a hole that’s hard to dig out of.

With snacks purchased from a convenience store, Raymond Chaney walks to the Boise public library where he will spend the rest of the afternoon on the Internet. Glenn Oakley / for NBC News

Raymond Chaney gets a soft drink outside the River of Life Mission in Boise, Idaho. Glenn Oakley / for NBC News

“These products may become harmful for consumers when they are used to make up for chronic cash flow shortages, ” the CFPB said last week in its first-ever report on payday loans, which began with the now familiar taxi analogy. The agency is now charged with cleaning up the largely unregulated alternative lending industry, which has proliferated beyond shops to online operators able to skirt state caps on interest rates.

'People get hooked ... like a drug'

While the CFPB has threatened to impose new rules, two other federal regulators recently told the nation’s banks they must change the way they offer so-called “deposit advance loans” — products traditional banks invented to compete with payday lenders. Banks should begin assessing consumers’ ability to repay the loans, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the FDIC said recently, and should stop issuing loans to consumers who haven’t repaid earlier loans.

Payday loan costs appear deceptively simple — users typically pay $15 to obtain a two-week loan for every $100 borrowed. That might sound like 15 percent — cheaper than a high-interest credit card — but on an annual basis, the rate is actually 391 percent. And the loan is due in full after 14 days. Borrowers typically don’t change their financial situation in that two-week period, so they must renew the loan multiple times.

"People get hooked on this stuff, like a drug, ” says Jennifer Tescher, CEO of the Center for Financial Services Innovation, which advocates for access to financial services.

The alternative lending industry's lobbying group, the Financial Service Centers of America, says its members serve populations that have been abandoned by traditional banks, such as minority neighborhoods. And they give consumers alternatives to bouncing checks or paying late fees on important bills

"Financial independence and freedom of choice go hand in hand. It’s why our industry got started, and it’s why we’re in business today, " Joseph M. Doyle, the group’s chairman, said in a message on the interest group's website. He also argues that short-term loans can be a cost-effective way to plug an emergency cash-flow gap.

Most payday borrowers are poor. The largest chunk of borrowers came from those making between $10, 000 and $20, 000 per year, the CFPB says. And most are repeat users: About two-thirds had more than seven transactions over 12 months. In Oklahoma, payday users were more likely to take about 17 payday loans during a 12-month span than only one.

A Pew survey found last year that seven out of 10 payday borrowers use the money to pay - not for emergencies — but for everyday living expenses, like rent, said Pew researcher Nick Bourke.

“The sweet spot (for lenders) is somebody who is struggling to pay their regular living expenses, but somebody who can afford to pay the fee every two weeks, ” he said. “That’s where they make their money.”

Not a bank to be seen

Sometimes people turn to retail financial storefronts for a very practical reason: there is no bank nearby. It's hard to quantify the problem of "bank deserts, " but the National Community Reinvestment Coalition has tried. It calculates that from 2007 to 2010, bank and credit union branches decreased by 530 nationwide in low or moderate income neighborhoods, while increased by nearly 1, 000 in middle and upper class neighborhoods.

“When bank branches close in neighborhoods, fringe institutions such as abusive payday lenders or check cashers increase in number and charge exorbitant interest rates for services that were provided more cheaply by bank branches, ” the organization said in its 2012 report. “In contrast to the wealth creation promoted by bank branches, fringe lenders represent wealth ex­traction from modest income communities.”

But even consumer advocates acknowledge there's a place for short-term loans like payday loans. The problem isn’t the term, it’s the interest rates, says Tesch.

“What makes it more difficult is people are philosophically divided on this issue, ” said Tesch, alluding to the costs of the loans. “Trying to find middle ground — it’s hard.”

Chaney is working with the Idaho Consumer Finance Bureau to get back on his feet. Once he straightens out his debt problems, he’s hoping to find a new apartment.

In the meantime, he has advice for anyone considering a payday loan: “I had a friend who had back surgery, and it was so painful, he said, ‘If the choice is between back surgery and dying, consider dying.’

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